How do we plan and design systems which are better than their constituent parts? How do we take advantage of synergies, navigate trade-offs and avoid path-dependent traps?

How can we meet the energy needs of the poorest at a price they can afford? How can we achieve SDG7?

What are the challenge-driven solutions for decarbonizing the transport sector? How can we apply novel sector coupling and integrated systems approaches in making low-carbon energy transition in cities?

What is the role of innovation in unlocking technological change in energy systems? How do innovations at the system level compare to individual technologies? How can we implement circular economy towards achieving sustainable development?

What are the synergies and trade-offs across the sustainable development goals? How can we most effectively meet all of the goals?

How do we build capacity effectively? What is the best way to train government officials in the use of dES tools? How should we communicate findings from complex models? How can we use stakeholder knowledge?

How can scientific tools, data standards and methods be developed in an open and inclusive way? What drives adoption of open-source scientific tools?